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Sepsis can lead to a range of complications. Most critically, it is commonly fatal, particularly if the diagnosis is delayed, or in patients with other significant health problems. Early recognition and interventions as above will give patients the best chance of survival.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is now the preferred term for what used to be called “acute renal failure”. It is defined by an acute change in kidney function determined either by changes in the serum creatinine or reduction in the urine output into the oliguria range.

It is imperative that if hyponatraemia is suspected or diagnosed that clinicians provide appropriate care by arranging appropriate investigations, arranging a referral to an appropriate specialist such as an endocrinologist and/or admitting the patient to hospital for treatment.

Caudal epidural injections run the risks of infection, bleeding, nerve injury and intraspinal injection. These risks are higher when patients are on antiplatelet agents and Rivaroxaban, and such should be considered with the patient during the consenting process.

Total Knee Replacements (TKR) are a surgical procedure whereby an artificial joint/prosthesis replaces a damaged knee joint. It is important for all conservative measures to be exhausted before proceeding to this due to the likelihood of postoperative pain.

It is undeniable that giving birth is an extremely daunting act for many women. As such, it is important that women feel as comfortable, and as prepared as possible for this and an appropriate discussion is had regarding modes of delivery, including caesarean section.